A Look At Parkinson s Disease - 2700 Words

A look at Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Two other names for PD are shaking palsy and Paralysis agitans. Parkinson’s disease is initiated when the cells in the brain that produce dopamine die over time. Dopamine is a brain chemical used by nerve cells that helps to control the body s muscle movement. Without those brain cells and the dopamine they produce, it becomes increasingly more difficult for the cells that control movement to send messages to the muscles; affecting the body’s movement. As time goes on the damage worsens. There is not a known cause as to why these brain cells die, although there are a few theories (MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia:†¦show more content†¦Research is still being done over this debate. It is thought that environmental factors by themselves are not a cause of PD, but the environmental factors may trigger the disease in people who are genetically s usceptible. In a lot of cases it has been noted that many people who contact PD have lived in rural areas, specifically those who drink private well water, and (or) are agricultural workers (Larkin). In addition, Parkinson’s disease is sometimes seen as a mutation in the PARK2 gene. The PARK2 gene belongs to a gene family called PARK (as in Parkinson’s disease). By grouping the genes susceptible to mutations that cause PD it becomes easier for researchers to see similarities among genes. Gene families can also provide researchers with clues for identifying genes and gene patterns that are involved in particular diseases. It is estimated that researchers have identified nearly 200 PARK gene mutations that have the potential to become Parkinson’s disease. PARK2 gene mutations are usually associated with Juvenile PD and Young onset Parkinson’s disease (YOPD). There are fewer cases of PARK2 gene mutations in patients who develop the disease after the age of 50 (PARK2 - Parkinson Disease (autosomal Recessive, Juvenile) 2, Parkin - Genetics Home Reference). The National Parkinson foundation reports that the average age of PD diagnosis is 62.

Brave New World (1932) is one of the most insidiou Essay Example For Students

Brave New World (1932) is one of the most insidiou Essay s works of literature ever written. An exaggeration? Tragically, no. Brave New World has come to serve as the false symbol for any regime of universal happiness. So how does Huxley turn a future where were all notionally happy into the archetypal dystopia? If its technically feasible, whats wrong with using biotechnology to get rid of mental pain altogether?Brave New World is an unsettling, loveless and even sinister place. This is because Huxley deliberately endows his ideal society with features likely to alienate his audience. Typically, reading BNW elicits disturbing feelings which the society it depicts has notionally vanquished not a sense of joyful anticipation. Thus BNW doesnt, and isnt intended by its author to, evoke just how wonderful our lives could be if the human genome were rewritten. Lets say our DNA will be spliced and edited so we can all enjoy life-long bliss, awesome peak experiences, and a spectrum of outrageously good designer-drugs. Nor does Huxleys comparatively sympathetic account of the life of the Savage on the Reservation convey just how nasty the old regime of pain, disease and unhappiness can be. If you think it does, then you enjoy an enviably sheltered life and an enviably cosy imagination. For its all sugar-coated pseudo-realism. In BNW, Huxley contrives to exploit the anxieties of his bourgeois audience about both Soviet Communism and Fordist American capitalism. He taps into, and then feeds, our revulsion at Pavlovian-style behavioural conditioning and eugenics. Worse, it is suggested that the price of universal happiness will be the sacrifice of the most hallowed shibboleths of our culture: motherhood, home, family, freedom, even love. The exchange yields an insipid happiness thats unworthy of the name. Its evocation arouses our unease and distaste. In Brave New World, happiness derives from consuming mass-produced goods, sport, promiscuous sex, the feelies, and most famously of all, a supposedly perfect pleasure-drug, soma. As perfect pleasure-drugs go, soma underwhelms. Its not really a utopian wonderdrug at all. It does makes you high. Yet its more akin to a hangoverless tranquill iser or an opiate or a psychic anaesthetising SSRI like Prozac than a truly life-transforming elixir. Third-millennium neuropharmacology, by contrast, will deliver a vastly richer product-range of designer-drugs to order. For a start, soma is a very one-dimensional euphoriant. It gives rise to only a shallow, unempathetic and intellectually uninteresting well-being. Apparently, taking soma doesnt give Bernard Marx, the disaffected sleep-learning specialist, more than a cheap thrill. Nor does it make him happy with his station in life. John the Savage commits suicide soon after taking soma guilt and despair born of serotonin depletion!?. The drug is said to be better than (promiscuous) sex the only sex the brave new worlders practise. But a regimen of soma doesnt deliver anything sublime or life-enriching. It doesnt catalyse any mystical epiphanies or life-defining insights. It doesnt in any way promote personal growth. Instead, it provides a mindless, inauthentic imbecile happiness a vacuous escapism which makes people comfortable with their lack of freedom. If Huxley had wished to tantalise, rather than repel, emotional primitives like us with the biological nirvana soon in prospect, then he could have envisaged utopian wonderdrugs which reinforced or enriched our most cherished ideals. In our imaginations, perhaps we might have been allowed via chemically-enriched brave new worlders to turn ourselves into idealised versions of the sort of people wed most like to be. Behavioural conditioning, too, could have been used by the utopians to sustain, rather than undermine, a more sympathetic ethos of civilised society and a life well led. Likewise, biotechnology could have been exploited in BNW to encode life-long fulfilment and super-intellects for everyone instead of manufacturing a rigid hierarchy of genetically-preordained castes. Huxley, however, has an altogether different agenda in mind. He is seeking to warn us against scientific utopianism. He succeeds all too well. Although we tend to see other people, not least the notional brave new worlders, as the hapless victims of propaganda and disinformation, we may find the manipulated dupes have been us. For Huxley does a ef fective hatchet-job on the very sort of unnatural hedonic engineering that